The most important report improvement is A. Add an impact analysis. An impact analysis is an assessment of how the defect affects the functionality, usability, performance, reliability, security, or other aspects of the system under test. An impact analysis can help prioritize and classify the defect based on its severity and urgency. An impact analysis can also help determine the root cause and possible solutions for the defect. An impact analysis is an essential part of a defect report because it provides useful information for decision-making and improvement processes.
The other report improvements are not as important as adding an impact analysis because they do not provide as much information or value for decision-making and improvement processes. For example:
* B. Add information about which developer should fix the bug: This report improvement is not necessary because it is not part of the information that is required to describe, reproduce, and prioritize the defect.
The assignment of developers to fix bugs is part of the defect management process, which involves assigning, tracking, resolving, and verifying defects.
* C. Add the time stamp when the incident happened: This report improvement is not very useful because it does not provide much information about the cause or effect of the defect. The time stamp when the incident happened is only relevant if it is related to some external factors or events that could influence the behavior or performance of the system under test.
* D. Add information about which web browser was used: This report improvement is not very relevant because it does not affect the functionality or usability of the system under test. The web browser used is only relevant if it is related to some compatibility or interoperability issues that could cause defects or failures in the system under test.
You can find more information about defect reports and impact analysis in [A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus], Chapter 5.

Explanation
Tests designed by a person in the development team other than the person who wrote the code is not the lowest level of independence. The lowest level of independence is tests designed by the person who wrote the code, as this may introduce bias or blind spots in testing. Tests designed by another person in the development team is one level higher than tests designed by the person who wrote the code, as this may provide a different perspective or expertise in testing. defines the levels of independence as follows:
The level of independence of testing is related to the degree of separation between those who are responsible for developing software and those who are responsible for testing software.
The following levels of independence can be distinguished:
Level 0: No independent testing; tests are designed by the same person who wrote the code.
Level 1: Tests are designed by another person in the development team; e.g., another programmer or software designer.
Level 2: Tests are designed by a person from a different group within the organization; e.g., an independent test team or group.
Level 3: Tests are designed by a person from a different organization or company; e.g., an outsourcing partner or contractor.
A, B, and C are correct statements. A test team with high level of independence may suffer from lower familiarity with the product (A), as they may not have access to all the information or knowledge about the system under test. Development team may find many defects since they are familiar with the code (B), as they may have more insight into how the system works internally and where potential problems may occur. Tests designed by a person from different group in the organization is the highest level of independence within an organization, as this provides maximum separation between development and testing activities.

Explanation
A software company decided to buy a commercial application for its accounting operations. As part of the evaluation process, the company decided to assemble a team to test a number of candidate applications. The most suitable team for this goal would be a team with a mix of software testers and experts from the accounting department. This team would have the following advantages:
Software testers have the skills and experience to design, execute, and evaluate test cases based on the requirements and criteria of the company. They can also use tools and techniques to support their testing activities and provide reliable and objective information about the quality and risk level of each candidate application.
Experts from the accounting department have the knowledge and expertise to understand and validate the functionality and usability of each candidate application. They can also provide feedback and suggestions for improvement based on their needs and expectations as end users or customers.
The other teams mentioned in the question are not as suitable for this goal as they are for other purposes or scenarios. For example:
A team from an outsourcing company which specializes in testing accounting software: This team might have the skills and experience to test accounting software, but they might not have the knowledge and expertise to understand and validate the specific requirements and criteria of the company that wants to buy the application. They might also lack the communication and collaboration with the stakeholders of the company who are involved in the evaluation process.
A team of users from the accounting department that will need to use the application on a daily basis:
This team might have the knowledge and expertise to understand and validate the functionality and usability of each candidate application, but they might not have the skills and experience to design, execute, and evaluate test cases based on the requirements and criteria of the company. They might also lack the tools and techniques to support their testing activities and provide reliable and objective information about the quality and risk level of each candidate application.
A team from the company’s testing team, due to their experience in testing software: This team might have the skills and experience to design, execute, and evaluate test cases based on the requirements and criteria of the company, but they might not have the knowledge and expertise to understand and validate the functionality and usability of each candidate application. They might also lack the feedback and suggestions for improvement based on the needs and expectations of the end users or customers.

Explanation
Checklist-based testing is an experience-based test technique whereby the experienced tester uses a high-level list of items to be noted, checked or remembered, or a set of rules or criteria against which a product has to be verified. Checklist-based testing can help the tester to focus on important aspects of the test object and to ensure that nothing is overlooked or forgotten. Checklist-based testing can also help the tester to communicate and report the test results and coverage more effectively.
References: Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus, Section 4.6.1

Explanation
A correct reason to apply test automation is when there are a lot of repetitive testing tasks, as test automation can reduce the effort and time required to execute them, and improve the consistency and accuracy of the results. The other options are not valid reasons to apply test automation, as they do not consider the benefits and risks of test automation, the suitability of the test object for automation, or the availability of resources and skills for automation.
References: Section 6.3.1, Section 6.3.2

Explanation
The correct answer is B, as it describes checklist-based testing. Checklist-based testing is an experience-based test technique that involves a list of tests based on what is important to the user as well as an understanding of why and how software fails1. Checklist-based testing can be used to ensure that important aspects of the software are tested and to guide the tester in creating additional tests1. Option A is incorrect, as checklist-based testing provides some consistency and guidelines concerning test case development by using predefined lists of items or criteria to check against1. Option C is incorrect, as checklist-based testing is not restricted to non-functional testing, but can be used for both functional and non-functional testing1. Option D is incorrect, as checklist-based testing does not include formal tests from detailed lists of test conditions, but informal tests from high-level lists of items or criteria1. References: 1, Section 4.2.6

Explanation
The correct answer is D, as it describes tools that support reviews. Tools that support reviews are tools that assist with performing static testing activities such as checking documents for defects or compliance with standards3. Examples of tools that support reviews are:
Tools for document review and annotation
Tools for document comparison and version control
Tools for checklist management and defect tracking
Option A is incorrect, as it describes tools that support usability testing. Tools that support usability testing are tools that assist with performing dynamic testing activities related to how easy and user-friendly the software product is3. Examples of tools that support usability testing are:
Tools for recording user actions and feedback
Tools for analyzing user behavior and satisfaction
Tools for simulating different user interfaces and devices
Option B is incorrect, as it describes tools that assess data quality. Tools that assess data quality are tools that assist with evaluating and improving the accuracy and completeness of data used for testing3. Examples of tools that assess data quality are:
Tools for data validation and verification
Tools for data cleansing and transformation
Tools for data profiling and analysis
Option C is incorrect, as it describes tools that support specialized testing needs. Tools that support specialized testing needs are tools that assist with performing dynamic testing activities related to specific domains or technologies3. Examples of tools that support specialized testing needs are:
Tools for security testing
Tools for performance testing
Tools for accessibility testing
References: 3, Section 2.10

Test analysis and design is the activity in the fundamental test process that includes identifying necessary test data. Test data are the inputs that are used to execute the test cases and verify the expected results2 defines this activity as follows:
Test analysis and design has the following major tasks:
* Reviewing the test basis (such as requirements, risk analysis reports, design documents or code).
* Identifying test conditions based on analysis of test items, specifications, behavior and structure of the software.
* Designing high-level test cases based on test conditions and designing techniques.
* Evaluating testability of requirements and system under test.
* Defining exit criteria.
Evaluating exit criteria and reporting (A) is part of the test closure activities, where the results of testing are evaluated against the defined objectives. Test implementation and execution (B) is where the test cases are executed using the identified test data and deviations from expected results are documented. Test planning and control is where the overall approach and resources for testing are defined and monitored.

Explanation
Gaining confidence about the level of the system’s quality can be a common objective of testing, because testing can provide information about how well the system meets its specified requirements and user expectations, and how many defects have been found and fixed in the system.
Reference: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus1, Chapter 1, Section 1.1.1, page 3.

Explanation
The diagram lists various types of operating systems (LNX, W2K, WSP), databases (ORA, MSQ, SQL), and application servers (JBS, WSP) supported by the application under test. To test all possible combinations of these types, we need to multiply the number of options in each category. In this case, we have:
3 options for operating systems
3 options for databases
2 options for application servers
Therefore, we have 3 x 3 x 2 = 18 possible combinations to test.
However, if we look closely at the diagram, we can see that some combinations are not valid or feasible because they are not connected by lines. For example, we cannot test LNX with WSP as an application server because there is no line between them. Similarly, we cannot test W2K with JBS as an application server because there is no line between them. Therefore, we need to exclude these invalid combinations from our calculation.
If we count only the valid combinations that are connected by lines in the diagram, we get:
5 combinations for LNX (LNX-ORA-JBS, LNX-ORA-WSP, LNX-MSQ-JBS, LNX-MSQ-WSP, LNX-SQL-JBS)
5 combinations for W2K (W2K-ORA-WSP, W2K-MSQ-WSP, W2K-SQL-WSP)
5 combinations for WSP (WSP-ORA-JBS, WSP-ORA-WSP, WSP-MSQ-JBS, WSP-MSQ-WSP) Therefore, we have 5 + 5 + 5 = 15 valid combinations to test.
You can find more information about testing combinations in Software Testing Foundations: A Study Guide for the Certified Tester Exam, Chapter 4, Section 4.22.

Test implementation and execution is the stage of the Fundamental Test Process where testers write detailed steps for executing each test case (test procedures), prepare and prioritize test cases for execution, execute test cases and record results, compare actual results with expected results and report discrepancies as incidents.
Reference: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus1, Chapter 3, Section 3.4, page 61.